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Expertise of Projects in Foreign Countries
Expertise is organized on the principles to conduct it compulsorily according to the established procedures, irrespective of the scientific justification and objectivity of the public opinion and responsibility for the justification of the expert conclusion (recommendations) and is carried out by means of the analysis and assessment of projects and programs.
The expertise of construction projects is conducted with compulsory observance of confidentiality and provision of commercial secret of the submitted project documentation and materials. According to the results of the conducted expertise of projects and programs, the decision is made containing the justified conclusion about the possibility to implement the specific project.
In this regard, in the developed foreign countries the expertise of the projects for the construction of facilities is conducted under the control of the state.
In CIS countries there are state and public expertises with certain tasks. At the same time, the state expertise of projects is divided into the state non-departmental expertise of the construction control agency and the state ecologic expertise of the nature-protection agency, as well as the sectoral and special expertises conducted by the state control and supervision agencies.
In the new Housing Code of the Russian Federation, which also wants to enter WTO, the function of the state expertise is kept.
Public expertise is arranged by means of the referendum, survey of the population and discussion of separate questions of nature-protection actions in the municipalities.
In Germany local authorities are responsible for the creation of the organizational structure, which carries out control over the development of the territories. Organizations, the heads of which are the officials responsible for control, are of different types. This is usually the department of the municipality, which has specialists in all engineering spheres. Thus, the supreme agency in the land development in Bavaria is the Ministry of Interior, which contains the department of construction (agency of construction inspection), which organizes control over the designing and construction, as well as the maintenance of buildings and facilities.
Construction inspection agencies organize the verification of projects and issue the permits for construction. During the verification of projects, compulsory expertise is conducted.
Expertise in Germany is conducted at the municipal and public levels.
Expertise at the state level is conducted by the state experts assigned by the Chamber of Architects and Chamber of Structural Engineers depending on the project sections considered by them.
Experts are subject to special requirements, including having sufficient knowledge and work experience in the project sphere, as well as not being entrepreneurs and not having professional, financial or other dependant relationship especially with the entrepreneurs working in the constructional sphere, and including the requirement to conduct independent individual activities. The assigned experts swear that they will be impartial and fair, as well as subordinate to the Chamber. They can also recommend the candidates of other state experts.
State experts are invited by the agencies of constructional inspection or by state and private organizations, firms (customers – landowners). State experts can arrange their services (bureau).
Basic purpose of the assignment of experts at the public level is the provision of judicial and administrative agencies and public representatives with special competent experts who gave oaths and whose conclusions have high level of accuracy. The decision about the appointment of experts at the public level is taken by the Chamber of Architects.
In the USA, the local authorities are responsible for the creation of the organizational structure necessary for the control process over the projects and observance of norms, assignment of the personnel conducting control over designing and construction.
The organizations, the heads of which are the officials responsible for control, can be of different types of state administration. This can be the department or the large company, which has specialists in all engineering directions, functioning in the capacity of one of the basic departments of the municipal or district administration. Supervision and expertise are provided by issuing the licences (permits), which stipulate for the verification (expertise) of the proposed projects, implementation of technical supervision and issue of the final decision (license) for construction.
The official (inspector) who is the head of the department or the responsible person (commissioner) of the local authority conducts the expertise of the received project.
Depending on the project complexity, external experts-specialists can be attracted. At the same time, documentation goes to the architectural agency, which coordinates the work of experts of other disciplines, departments including fire-protection, sanitary and ecological ("One Window" Principle).
Procedure of the selection of experts is based mainly on the consideration of the requirements to qualification (specialization) and human qualities of experts by means of testing including assessment of knowledge and work experience, objectivity, independency etc.